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Such features include the 'selfie request' button, through which women can request a man they're speaking to send a '' to prove they are the same person as in the pictures. According to the , Romania's population is 20,121,641. Retrieved 15 August 2014.

Retrieved on 21 August 2010. Other attractions include the or the. Retrieved 24 April 2017.

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The Communist regime on 22 December 1989, the new democratic government was installed on 20 May 1990 and the new post-communist was adopted on 21 November 1991. Romania joined the on 1 January 2007. With almost 20 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the and the. Its capital and largest city, , is the in the and the on the , with 2,106,144 inhabitants as of 2016; other major include , , , , , and. The , Europe's second-longest river, rises in and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km 1,775 mi , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania's. The , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest, include , at 2,544 m 8,346 ft. Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a of the Danubian Principalities of and. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the in 1877. At the end of , , and united with the sovereign. During , Romania was an ally of against the , fighting side by side with the until 1944, when it joined the Allied powers and faced occupation by the forces. Romania lost several territories, of which was regained after the war. Following the war, Romania became a and member of the. After the , Romania democracy and a capitalist. In the 21st century, Romania is a and has the world's , as well as the , out of 191 countries measured by , Romania ranks 50th in the and is a , with an annual economic growth rate of 7% as of 2017 , the highest in the EU at the time. Following rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, Romania has an economy predominantly based on services, and is a producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy, featuring companies like and. It has been a member of since 2004, and part of the since 2007. An overwhelming majority of the population identifies themselves as and are native speakers of , a. The cultural history of Romania includes influential , , , and. After the abolition of in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861. In English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975. Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age area in northeastern Romania was the western region of the earliest European civilization, known as the. Also the earliest known salt works in the world is at Poiana Slatinei, near the village of in Romania; it was first used in the early Neolithic, around 6050 BC, by the , and later by the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in the Pre-Cucuteni period. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of. Prior to the Roman conquest of Dacia, the territories between the Danube and Dniester rivers were inhabited by various , including the and the. There is a scholarly dispute whether the Dacians and the Getae were the same people. The Roman rule lasted for 165 years. During this period the province was fully integrated into the Roman Empire, and a sizeable part of the population were newcomers from other provinces. The Roman colonists introduced the language. According to followers of the , the intense gave birth to the. The province was rich in especially gold and silver in places like. Roman troops pulled out of Dacia around 271 AD. The territory was later invaded by various migrating peoples. The existence of independent Romanian in as early as the 9th century is mentioned in , but by the 11th century, Transylvania had become a largely autonomous part of the. In the other parts, many small local states with varying degrees of independence developed, but only under and the larger principalities of and would emerge in the 14th century to fight the threat of the. By 1541, the entire and most of had been conquered and integrated into the Ottoman Empire. By contrast, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, while under Ottoman , preserved partial or full internal autonomy until the mid-19th century Transylvania until 1711. This period featured several prominent rulers such as: , , and in Moldavia; , , , and in Wallachia; and in the , as well as and in Transylvania, while it was still a part of the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1600, all three principalities were ruled simultaneously by the Mihai Viteazul , who was considered, later on, the precursor of modern Romania and became a point of reference for , as well as a catalyst for achieving a single Romanian state. Changes in Romania's territory since 1859. During the period of the rule in Transylvania and of Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most were given few rights in a territory where they formed the majority of the population. Nationalistic themes became principal during the , and the 1848 revolutions in and. The same flag, with the tricolour being mounted vertically, would later be officially adopted as the national. After the failed 1848 revolutions not all the supported the Romanians' expressed desire to officially unite in a single state. Following a coup d'état in 1866, Cuza was exiled and replaced with Prince of the House of. During the 1877—1878 Romania fought on the Russian side, and in the aftermath, it was recognized as an state both by the Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers by the and the. The new underwent a period of stability and progress until 1914, and also acquired from after the. Romanian dictator meeting with in June 1941. Romania remained neutral for the first two years of. Following the secret , according to which Romania would acquire territories with a majority of Romanian population from , it joined the and declared war on 27 August 1916. After initial advances the quickly turned disastrous for Romania as the occupied two-thirds of the country within months, before reaching a stalemate in 1917. The and Russian withdrawal from the War left Romania alone and surrounded, and a cease fire was negotiated at that December. Romania was occupied and a harsh was signed in May 1918. In November, Romania reentered the conflict. Total military and civilian losses from 1916 to 1918, within contemporary borders, were estimated at 748,000. After the war, the transfer of from Austria was acknowledged by the 1919 , of and from by the 1920 , and of from Russian rule by the 1920. All cessions made to the Central Powers in the ceasefire and treaty were nullified and renounced. American flying over a burning oil refinery at Ploiești, as part of on 1 August 1943. Due to its role as a major supplier of oil to the Axis, Romania was a prime target of Allied strategic bombing in 1943 and 1944. The following is referred as , as the country achieved its greatest territorial extent at that time almost 300,000 km 2 or 120,000 sq mi. Radical agricultural reforms, and a new constitution creating a democracy, allowed rapid economic growth. With oil production of 7. However, the early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes, and there were over 25 governments in the course of the decade. During World War II, Romania tried again to remain neutral, but on 28 June 1940, it received a with an implied threat of in the event of non-compliance. Again foreign powers created heavy pressure on Romania, by means of the of non-aggression from 23 August 1939. As a result of it the Romanian government and the army were forced to retreat from Bessarabia as well as from northern Bukovina in order to avoid war with the Soviet Union. The king was compelled to abdicate and appointed general as the new Prime Minister with full powers in ruling the state by royal decree. Romania was prompted to join military campaign. Thereafter, southern was ceded to Bulgaria, while Hungary received as result of an Axis powers' arbitration. The fascist regime played a major role in , and copied the policies of oppression and genocide of and , mainly in the Eastern territories reoccupied by the Romanians from the Soviet Union. In total between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews in Romania including Bessarabia, Bukovina and the were killed during the war and at least 11,000 were also killed. In August 1944, a led by toppled and his regime. Antonescu was convicted of war crimes and executed on 1 June 1946. During the Antonescu fascist regime, Romanian contribution to was enormous, with the Romanian Army of over 1. Romania was the main source of oil for the , and thus became the target of by the Allies. Growing discontent among the population eventually peaked in August 1944 with , and the country switched sides to join the. It is estimated that the coup shortened the war by as much as six months. Even though the Romanian Army had suffered 170,000 casualties after switching sides, Romania's role in the defeat of Nazi Germany was not recognized by the of 1947, as the annexed and other territories corresponding roughly to present-day , and Bulgaria retained Southern Dobruja, but Romania did regain from Hungary. Communism was the communist leader of Romania from 1947 until his death in 1965 During the , the -dominated government called for new elections in , which were , with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote. Thus they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force. In 1947 he and others forced to and leave the country, and proclaimed Romania a. Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were continuously drained by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies set up for unilateral exploitative purposes. In 1948, the state began to private firms and to agriculture. Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the the Romanian secret police. Nevertheless, was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern Bloc. A estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people. In 1965, came to power and started to conduct the foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. At the same time, close ties with the countries and the allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel— and Israel—PLO peace talks. The in 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in Europe that brought an end to Communist rule. The latter eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all foreign government debt of Romania in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe , which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow and eventual execution, together with his wife, in the violent of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured. The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation. Contemporary period The 2013 protests against the turned into an anti-government social movement. After the 1989 revolution, the NSF , led by , took partial multi-party democratic and free market measures. In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of and accusing the NSF, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate — rapidly grew to become what was called the. The peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local and foreign media, and is remembered as the. The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the and the. The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009. In November 2014, mayor was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former , who had been in the lead in the opinion polls. This surprise victory is attributed by many to the , of which almost 50 percent voted for Iohannis in the first tour, compared to 16 percent for Ponta. Romania has seen the largest in its history in the first half of 2017, where hundreds of thousands of Romanians took to the streets nationwide. Former President Traian Băsescu 2004—2014 has twice been impeached by the in 2007 and in 2012 , the second time on the background of street protests which occurred earlier in the year. Both times a popular referendum was called. The first time, in the , more than 6 million citizens 75% voted against Băsescu's suspension, compared to only 5. The second time, in the , more than 7 million citizens 88% of participants voted to oust Băsescu, compared to the 5. Nonetheless, the , in a split decision, invalided the outcome of the referendum, stating the turnout 46. Supporters of Băsescu were called upon by him and his former party to not participate in the referendum, so that it would be invalidated due to insufficient turnout. The post-1989 period is also characterized by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the Communist period have been closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatization of the post-1989 regimes. According to Valentin Mândrăşescu, a Romanian-language editor of the , the national petroleum company Petrom has been sold to foreigners for significantly undervalued prices. Furthermore, other major privatizations like that of Banca Comercială a României are criticized by opponents for being detrimental to the Romanian people. Post-1989 regimes are also criticized for allowing foreign exploitations of mineral, rare metals and gold reserves at Roșia Montană, as well as for permitting American multinational energy giant Chevron to prospect for shale gas using the hydraulic fracking technique which has been claimed to pollute the vast underground freshwater reserves in the affected areas. Both these actions have led to significant protests by the population in 2012—2014. In November 2015, Romania's Prime Minister resigned as massive developed in the wake of the. NATO and EU integration Romania joined the in 2007 and signed the. The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a on 1 January 2007. This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced internal poverty and established a functional democratic state. However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and budget deficit in 2009. This led to Romania borrowing from the. The worsening economic conditions led to and triggered a political crisis in 2012. Romania still faces problems related to infrastructure, medical services, , and. Near the end of 2013, reported Romania again enjoying 'booming' at 4. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisations in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms. Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians emigrated to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy and Spain. In 2008, the was estimated to be at over two million people. The cyclical nature of the world economy and economic disparities between Romania and advanced European economies has fueled further emigration from the country. The emigration has caused social changes in Romania, whereby the parents would leave for Western Europe to escape poverty and provide a better standard of living for their children, who have been left behind. Some children are left to be taken care of by grandparents and relatives; and some live alone, if the parents deem them to be reasonably self-sufficient. Subsequently, the youth began to be called. Topographic map of Romania With an area of 238,397 square kilometres 92,046 sq mi , Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and the in Europe. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The dominate the centre of Romania, with reaching above 2,000 m or 6,600 ft, the highest of which is at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft. About 47% of the country's land area is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems. There are almost 10,000 km 2 3,900 sq mi about 5% of the total area of protected areas in Romania covering 13 national parks and three biosphere reserves. The river forms a large part of the border with and , and flows into the , forming the , which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and also a and a biodiversity. At 5,800 km 2 2,200 sq mi , the is the largest continuous marshland in Europe, and supports 1,688 different plant species alone. Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of the territory. Some 3,700 have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared , 74 missing, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare. The fauna consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 and 707 , with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, including about 50% of Europe's excluding Russia and 20% of its. The average annual temperature is 11 °C 52 °F in the south and 8 °C 46 °F in the north. In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C 82 °F , and temperatures over 35 °C 95 °F are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country. In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C 36 °F. Precipitation is average, with over 750 mm 30 in per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to around 570 mm 22 in. In , the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate. Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with Clima României from the Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Bucharest 2008 Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the eight largest cities in Romania Location July °C July °F January °C January °F 28. The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a republic where executive functions are held by both and the. The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister, who in turn appoints the. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the residing at the , consists of and whose members are elected every four years by. The justice system is independent of the other branches of government, and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts culminating in the , which is the supreme court of Romania. There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the , considering that it is based on and is in nature. The Curtea Constituțională is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations to the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can only be amended through a public referendum. The 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including , increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption. Foreign relations Diplomatic missions of Romania worldwide Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the in general, more specifically with the United States and the albeit with its limited. It joined the NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union EU on 1 January 2007, while it had joined the and the in 1972, and is a founding member of the. Past recent governments states that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries in particular , and with the process of integration with the rest of the West. Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the. Romania also declared its public support for , and joining the European Union. Because it has a large Hungarian minority, Romania has also developed with. Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to adhere the , and its bid to join was approved by the in June 2011, but was rejected by the in September 2011. In December 2005, President and signed an agreement that would allow a U. A appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule, but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania. After the and subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably. Military in during an exploration mission. The Romanian Armed Forces consist of , , and , and are led by a under the supervision of the , and by the president as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 15,000 civilians and 75,000 are military personnel—45,800 for land, 13,250 for air, 6,800 for naval forces, and 8,800 in other fields. The total defence spending in 2007 accounted for 2. The Air Force currently operates modernized Soviet Lancer fighters which are due to be replaced by twelve , recently purchased. The Air Force purchased seven new , while the Naval Forces acquired two modernized from the British. Romania has contributed troops to the international coalition in since 2002, with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010. Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014. Romanian troops participated in the , reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The participated in the. In December 2011, the unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based in Romania as part of 's efforts to build a continental. Administrative divisions Main article: Romania is divided into 41 județe, pronounced judets and the municipality of. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party. Each county is further subdivided into and , which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in Romania. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six : 6 and has a prefect, a general mayor primar , and a general city council. The NUTS-3 level divisions of European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure, and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest. The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 four and NUTS-2 eight divisions exist but have no administrative capacity, and are instead used for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes. After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative stability, characterized by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the , GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7. GDP has been growing by over 2% each year since. Unemployment in Romania is at 5. As of 2007, Romania is part of the. Industrial output growth reached 6. The largest local companies include car maker , , , , , , and. Exports have increased substantially in the past few years, with a 13% annual rise in exports in 2010. Romania's main exports are cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Trade is mostly centered on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. After a series of privatizations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat lower than in other European economies. In 2005, the government replaced Romania's system with a of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union. The economy is predominantly based on services, which account for 51% of GDP, even though industry and agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 36% and 13% of GDP, respectively. Additionally, 30% of the Romanian population was employed in 2006 in agriculture and primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe. Since 2000, Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. According to a 2011 report, Romania currently ranks 72nd out of 175 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring lower than other countries in the region such as the. Additionally, a study in 2006 judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic reformer after. After joining the EU in 2007, Romania is expected to adopt the sometime around 2020. Infrastructure Graph depicting Romania's electricity supply mix as of 2015 According to the , Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at 86,080 kilometres 53,488 mi. The World Bank estimates the railway network at 22,298 kilometres 13,855 mi of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe. There are in service today, with five of them , , , and being capable of handling. Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 48th worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy. In 2015, the main sources were coal 28% , hydroelectric 30% , nuclear 18% , and hydrocarbons 14%. It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade. With one of the largest reserves of and in Europe, it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union, and is looking to further expand its nuclear power plant at. There were almost 18,3 million connections to the Internet in June, 2014. According to , in 2013 Romania ranked 5th in the world, and according to , it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds, with ranked among the highest in the world. Tourism Traditional Romanian wooden church in , Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP. According to the , Romania was estimated to have the fourth-fastest-growing travel and tourism total demand in the world, with an estimated potential growth of 8% per year from 2007 to 2016. The number of tourists has been steadily rising, reaching 9. More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries. The popular summer attractions of and other attracted 1. Most popular skiing resorts are along the and in. Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative, and is targeted to promote such sites as and its , the , and the , or the. Other attractions include the or the. In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies which were active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of EUR 2. According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe particularly from Germany, Italy, and France , 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America. In the history of flight, made the first airplane to take off on its own power and built and flew some of the earliest successful , while discovered the of fluidics. Notable include , , and ; physicists and inventors: , , and. During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including corruption, low funding and a considerable. However, since the country's accession to the , this has begun to change. The country has joined several major international organizations such as and the. The facility of the 's proposed ELI will be built in Romania. In early 2012, Romania launched its first from the in French Guyana. Starting December 2014, Romania is a co-owner of the. ±% 1866 4,424,961 — 1887 5,500,000 +24. Note: Figures prior to 1948 do not reflect current borders. Ethnic map of Romania based on 2011 census data. According to the , Romania's population is 20,121,641. Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to gradually decline in the coming years as a result of and negative. In October 2011, made up 88. The largest are the , 6. Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of and. Other minorities include , , , , , , and. In 1930, there were 745,421 , but only about 36,000 remain today. As of 2009 , there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from and. The TFR in 2015 was estimated at 1. The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74. The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12 million. After the , a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia. For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad. Foreign-born population 2013 2015 2017 Population total 20,020,074 19,870,647 19,644,350 Total 182,939 281,048 421,801 59,670 114,654 161,846 22,486 38,580 56,515 18,827 29,937 42,165 8,743 11,900 16,729 2,604 5,208 15,346 3,759 6,552 15,121 3,780 6,471 12,589 11,163 10,465 10,646 5,795 6,420 8,184 5,057 3 7,986 4,085 4,653 6,494 4,952 5,269 6,063 2,978 3,722 5,068 2,360 2,876 4,428 2,295 2,576 3,492 1,665 1,837 2,936 54 1,102 2,650 1,136 1,419 2,338 1,529 5,783 2,296 121 509 1,934 22 657 1,876 1,034 1,062 1,627 1,114 1,261 1,464 81 364 1,377 Languages 5. The contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as 5 additional ones namely 'ă','â','î','ț', and 'ș' , totaling 31. Romanian is spoken as a first language by approximately 90% of the entire population, while and are spoken by 6. There are also approximately 50,000 native speakers of concentrated in some compact regions, near the border, where they form local majorities , 25,000 native speakers of , and some native speakers 32,000 living in Romania. According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all , with localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons that live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language. English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools. In 2010, the identifies 4,756,100 French speakers in the country. According to the 2012 , English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, as well as Italian and German, each by 7%. Religion Main articles: and Romania is a and has no. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as. At the country's 2011 census, 81. Other denominations include 6. From the remaining population, 195,569 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 64,337 mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity and 3,519. Moreover, 39,660 people have no religion or are , whilst the religion of the rest is unknown. The Romanian Orthodox Church is an Eastern Orthodox Church in with other Orthodox churches, with a as its leader. Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova, with for Romanians living in nearby Serbia and Hungary, as well as diaspora communities in Central and Western Europe, North America and Oceania. Urbanization Main articles: and Although 54. Its has a population of almost 2. Another 19 cities have a population of over 100,000, with and of slightly more than 300,000 inhabitants, , , and with over 250,000 inhabitants, and and with over 200,000 inhabitants. Education rate by county 2011. Cooler colors indicate a lower rate of illiteracy, and warmer colors indicate a higher rate of illiteracy. The national average is 1. Since the , the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism. In 2004, some 4. Out of these, 650,000 in 3—6 years , 3. In the same year, the adult literacy rate was 97. Kindergarten is optional between 3 and 6 years. Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There also exists a semi-legal, informal system used mostly during secondary school, which has prospered during the Communist regime. Higher education is aligned with the. The results of the assessment study in schools for the year 2012 placed Romania on the 45th rank out of 65 participant countries and in 2016 the Romanian government released statistics showing 42% of 15-year-olds are in reading. Healthcare Main article: Romania has a system, and total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of the GDP. It covers medical examinations, any surgical interventions, and any post-operator medical care, and provides free or subsidized medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases, such as , or viral , are quite common by European standards. In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals, with 6. As of 2013 , the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2. See also: The topic of the began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the scholars. Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including , , , , , , , and , the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem. In the 20th century, Romanian artists reached international acclaim, including , , , , , , , , and. Romanian-born Holocaust survivor received the in 1986, while writer received the in 2009. Prominent Romanian painters include , , and. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include , , , , and especially. The annual is held in Bucharest in honor of the 20th century composer. Contemporary musicians like , , , and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. At the Romanian singers have achieved third place in 2005 and 2010. In cinema, several movies of the have achieved international acclaim. At the , by won in 2007. At the , by won the in 2013. Winter holidays include the Christmas festivities and the New Year during which, various unique folklore dances and games are common: , , ursul, and capra. The traditional that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in the rural areas. Sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter has required a special derogation from EU law after 2007. During , are very common, while on 1 March features gifting, a tradition likely of origin. Romanian cuisine has been influenced by and especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the , but also shares some similarities with other other cuisines in the such as the , , or. Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: , and at Christmas; , and at Easter and other Romanian holidays. Traditional alcoholic beverages also include , , and , but consumption has increased dramatically over the recent years. Sports , the country's national football arena located in soccer is the most popular sport in Romania with over 234,000 registered players as of 2010. The governing body is the , which belongs to. The has taken part seven times in the games and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when they reached the quarterfinals of the and was ranked third by in 1997. The most successful club is , who were the first Eastern European team to win the in , and were runners-up in. Other important Romanian football clubs are , , , and. Tennis is the second-most-popular sport, with over 15,000 registered players. Romania reached the finals three times 1969, 1971, 1972. The tennis player won several titles, and was the first player to be by between 1973 and 1974. She is currently ranked 1st by the. The Romanian duo and won the doubles silver medal at the in Rio de Janeiro. Other popular are , and. Both the and handball national teams are multiple world champions. On 13 January 2010, became the first Romanian in handball to win the award. Basketball is widely enjoyed, especially by the youth. In 2016, Romania was chosen as a host for the. The rugby has in every. Popular include athletics, chess, judo, , table tennis and , , aka Michael Loewe, , , , etc. While it has a limited popularity nowadays, is a traditional Romanian sporting game similar to that has been continuously practiced since at least the 14th century. Romania participated in the for the first time in 1900 and has taken part in 21 of the 28 summer games. It has been one of the more successful countries at the , with a total of 307 medals won throughout the years, of which 89 gold ones, ranking , and second behind neighbour Hungary of the nations that have never hosted the game. It participated at the in Los Angeles in defiance of a and finished second in gold medals 20 and third in total medal count 53. Almost a quarter of all the medals and 25 of the gold ones were won in , with becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the. Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: rowing, athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo. At the , Romania has won only a bronze medal in bobsleigh at the. Pentru aceia cu mare muncă scoasem de limba jidovească si grecească si srâbească pre limba românească 5 cărți ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărți și le dăruim voo frați rumâni și le-au scris în cheltuială multă... În Țara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce și sași peste seamă de mulți și români peste tot locul... Many ethnicities are not recorded, as they 15 November 2013 at the.. International sources give higher figures than the official census e. Archived from PDF on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2015. PDF from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2015. United Nations Development Programme. PDF from the original on 22 March 2017. 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The latter eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The official launch of Badoo in the U. The and Russian withdrawal from the War left Romania alone and surrounded, and a cease fire was negotiated at that December. However, the early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes, and there were over 25 governments in the course of the decade. Since the , the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism. Romanian Information Center in Brussels. The Curtea Constituțională is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations to the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can only be amended through a public referendum. Such features include the 'selfie request' button, through which women can request a man they're speaking to send a '' to prove they are the same person as in the pictures. Retrieved 10 January 2008. Archived from on 13 March 2014. Users can chat, match with others, upload photos and videos, as well as share their interests and see any friends in common.